KN Rao
In some journals, newspapers and even television programmes
the entry of Saturn in Karka which appeared in the Journal
Of Astrology Tula Sankranti Issue u October-December 2001
has been plagiarised. Here are the two articles.
A charge made against astrologers, which is very true,
is that no original research in mundane astrology has been
done from the days of Varahamihira. We must remember that
the world is too small place for another Varahamihira and
his genius.But then we must remember that many quacks who
pose as astrologers, reel off what they think are mundane
predictions by making guesses, some of them intelligent,
but never based on any scientific astrological reasoning
or research.
We have produced some researches in mundane astrology which
are original and in a way startling but more often than
plagiarised.Some of them have been published in the Journal
of Astrology and elsewhere also.They will be listed out
sometime later.
Here we are producing a brief research on the effects of
the entry of Saturn in Karka or Cancer, which
happens after every thirty years.We will initially confine
ourselves to India and make a cursory reference to some
world events to show that when Saturn is in Karka, some
of the results that can be observed are:
1) Before entering Karka, Saturn in Vrisha and Mithuna will
have created disturbance through wars, famines and other
man made and natural calamities
2) The government in power gets shaken up or is replaced
through an election or a coup.
3) Then after entering Karka it leads to redrawing of boundaries
of nations in many places of the world.
Some examples which come to the mind easily are:
1) After the First World War in 1917-18 following the Treaty
of Versailles,boundaries in Europe were redrawn and the
countries to suffer most were those belonging to Central
Powers (Germany and its allies including the Ottoman Empire).
2) The Communist Revolution of 1917 in Russia took place
when Saturn was in Karka.
Similarly, after the Second World War when Saturn entered
Karka, the freedom of India was the biggest historical world
event on 15 August 1947. Pakistan was formed. Next year
in 1948, Israel was born on 14 May.
Again in 1975-77 period when Saturn was preparing to enter
Karka, two of the Himalayan kingdoms, Sikkim and Bhutan
merged in the union of India.
When I was producing my major research in mundane astrology
for the the first issue of the Journal of Astrology
(Mesh Sankranti 1997 (April-June 1997), I emphasised the importance
of two particular axis for India, Vrisha and Vrischika and
Makar and Karka. A natural and inevitable result of this was
the observation that the entry of Saturn in Karka which will
be in the seventh house from the originally alloted rashi
of India which is Makara, must have significant consequences.
I had made an observation many years ago that India got
her independence when Saturn was in Karka but in Ashlesha
nakshatra. In 1975 June, when Indira Gandhi imposed on the
nation her infamous National Emergency, Saturn was at the
end of Mithuna preparing to enter Karka. I then did a research
to see when the government of Indira Gandhi would fall and
the nation would breathe in a free atmosphere again. In
a way, it was asking a question when India would be free
again. I predicted, since my younger brother was in jail
during that time, that between March and May 1977, there
would be change of government and Indira Gandhi's government
would fall. It happened when Saturn crossed over from Pushya
in Karka and entered Ashlesha and was at 16 0 45 degrees.
This was described, ironically, as the second freedom India
got.
1) My further observation is that when Saturn in Karka
has either Rahu or Ketu conjoined with it or if Rahu/Ketu
axis falls in kendras from Saturn in Karka very significant
changes take place. Dependng on what view one takes of history,
they may be happy for for some people of some nations and
unhappy for others.
2) My second observation is when Saturn is in Karka and
Rahu/Ketu axis covers Vrisha and vrischika, which is very
important from the point of Indian history, there can be
historical shake-up
3) Saturn was preparing to enter Karka in the middle eighties
of the nineteenth century when the Fabian Society in England
gave a revolutionary twist to socialist thinking and women's
rights.
4) Again Saturn was entering Karka in 1911when Freud, invited
to USA, got the acceptance of his dream and sex theories
and the seeds of the future permissive society and psycho-analysis
as a method of treatment got accepted.
Such changes, even the ideologial slant of a nation, as
happened in 1976, after the defeat of cultural revolution
in China and the defeat of Maoist leftists and the triumph
of the rightists are noticed.
.
In short, what is being suggested here is that the entry
of Saturn in Karka gives new social.political and economic
thinking which society accepts.
The reason could be that Karka , the fourth house of the
zodiac is the house of masses and Saturn, representing mass
acceptance, can and does become turning points in the history
of man as well.
I have requested Mr. M.S. Mehta to do historical research
into this aspect of Saturn in Karka.
These are, ofcourse, my observations which may get modified,
enlarged after the research of Mr. M.S.Mehta is produced.In
doing it it will be useful to refer again and again to the
results of Saturn in different nakshatras as given in Brihat
Samhita.
A time for turmoil and tribulation
Saturn is significator for dukha,(unhappiness) hindrances,
obstacles and destruction. It destroys the old and decadent
society and habits to bring in the new. It is Time or KaaL
personified. According to Varahamihira the transit of Saturn
in Punarvasu, Pushya and Aslesha nakshatras is inauspicious.
It causes destruction and turmoil as given in Chapter 10
slokas six and seven of Brihat Samhita.
"When Saturn passes through the star Punarvasu, the
people of Punjab, Saurashtra,Sind and Sauvira as well as
cave dwellers are harmed: when it stays in star Pusya, persons
engaged in ringing bells, those who make loud announcements
(or those who live in hamlets), Yavanas, Kiratas ( traders),
gamblers and flowers are destroyed."
Sind and Sauvira are probably same region.This forms part
of Pakistan now. According to Alberuni Sauvira stands for
Multan and Jaharavar in Pakistan now. Saurastra is Surat
and Pratyanta is a border country.
As per shloka seven of the same book, the Saturn's transit
in Ashlesha, aquatic objects or animals, as well as snakes
are destroyed.
Punarvasu nakshatra is in rasi Mithuna from 20 degrees
to 30 degrees and in Karka rasi from 0 to
3 20 degrees. Pushyami is in Cancer sign from 3 20 to 16
40 and Aslesha again is in Cancer rasi from 16 40 degrees
to 30 00 degrees.
These nakshatras are in Cancer rashi and it is in this rashi
that Saturn completes one round of travel in the set of fiery,
earthy,airy and watery signs. From here onwards a new journey
in fiery rasi would re-start. It has been observed that whenever
Saturn passes through Cancer it causes immense destruction,
as it is harbinger of a new order. The old order and way of
life is destroyed and a new order takes over as it is shown
in the Indian War of Independence 1856, when the whole fabric
of feudal and princely states, rajas maharajas zamindari system
was destroyed to pave way for Paramount British Empire. This
led to the dawn of a new era of Indian renaissance , rise
of enlightenment,belief in Indian values learning of science
and technology ultimately paving way for an independent India.
World War I redrew the boundaries of Europe, brought in Russian
Revolution, the philosophy of communism,power of the proletariat
and a new economic system in the form of Marxism. This philosophy
was to dominate for the next hundred years and brought in
new superpower Russia in the arena of world affairs in 20th
century. The Saturn came in Karka in 1946 and whole fabric
of imperialism was destroyed. New era of freedom dawned in
India, West Asia and South East Asia. It saw an end of hegemony
of British Empire where Sun never set. It brought USA to the
forefront of major powers. It also saw birth of resurgent
India and Communist China who will be dominating powers of
the 21st century.
In this article which has been inspired by ideas of KN
Ro an attempt will be made to give effects of transit of
Saturn in Cancer or Karka rasi.
I. 1739 September to October 1741
(Saturn in Karka)
Invasion of Nadir Shah and plunder of Delhi
After having ascended the throne of Persia, invited by the
weakness of central government in India and tempted by the
fabulous wealth of India Nadir Shah descended on the plains
of India as the head of a great army. There was hardly any
resistance as Punjab was already a scene of anarchy. The
Imperial government in great panic and confusion asked its
viceroys to come and help; but no help came. Nadir Shah
entered Delhi, put a large population to the sword. This
Qatle Am or general massacre of the innocent civilian population
was an act of barbarity unparalleled in world history. In
addition he appropriated the treasury of Delhi including
Kohinoor and peacock throne. After loot, arson and rape
of unparalleled 58 days he left Delhi with coin of eight
or nine million sterling, plus a similar hoard of gold and
silver and jewels in inestimable numbers. Before leaving
he issued a command to Hindu rulers ' to walk on path of
submission and obedience to Mohammed Shah and threatening
' to bolt them out of pages of the book of creation', if
they persisted in rebellion. Delhi lay prostrate and bleeding.
Treasury had no money, army did not exist.
In other parts of India while there was chaos in Northern
India, Marathas under BajiRao I who was ' after Shivaji
the most charismatic and dynamic leader in Maratha history',
were raiding north south and west with impunity. They reached
Delhi in 1737 Orissa and Bengal by 1740. But Marathas were
more interested in collecting revenues rather than conquering
territory.
1740; War between French and English company for hegemony
in South India.
Results of the Invasion:
Nadir Shah's invasion gave a serious blow to the decadent
mighty Mughal Empire. Instead of one central power ruling
India, there would be many contenders. There were chaotic
conditions in Northern India making it possible for Sikhs
to rise and become a dominant power under Maharaja Ranjit
Singh.
Mughal Empire was doomed .In its place regional powers
in Bengal and Awadh would be main challenge to Marathas.
In the South India there would be rivalry between British
and French. Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan would
be come greatest stumbling block to the rise of British
imperialism.
Other Parts of the World
1739: By the Peace Treaty of Belgrade the Ottoman Empire
was able to hold Russians at bay and push Austrian back.
1740 Frederick the Great becomes King of Prussia: Maria
Theresa succeeds to Austrian throne. This was the beginning
of war of Austrian succession, which was to bedevil the
history of Europe for many years to come. Fredrick was known
as great because he made use of his strong army at the expense
of Habsburgs and the kingdom of Poland.
II. 1769 July to August 1771
The British started to extend their power in India. They
defeated Hyder Ali in the first Mysore War and concluded
a humiliating peace with him.
1770 James Cook discovers New South Wales.
1769; Catherine the Great of Russia launched a decisive
war against Sultan of Turkey (1768-74). She had a grand
plan for overthrowing the Turks and establishing a new Byzantine
and Orthodox Empire under the imperial protection.During
this period Russians defeated Ottoman armies utterly and
were prevented from capturing Constantinople and destroying
the Sultan Power more by intervention of European powers
rather than by any inherent strength of the Turkish regime.
1770: Russians under command of Alexis Orlov sailed through
Mediterranean reached shores of Turkey. Russians won great
victories at Chios and Chesme and annihilated bulk of Ottoman
fleet.
III 1798 September to June 1801
The sequence of events in Europe during the 30 years after
1789 can be described in four dramatic words: Revolution,
War, Dictatorship and Empire.The French Revolution of 1789
had changed not only the history but the whole outlook and
philosophy of the world. In future now the phrases like,
'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity', would mould the political
thought of the world. In Europe there was the growth of
'the revolutionary spirit', which was later on to spread
the whole of the world. This was the spirit of rationalist
criticism and of resistance to the established powers of
Roman CatholicChurch, the absolute monarchy, and the privileged
nobility, was fostered by the work of a remarkable series
of French thinkers and literary men, the philosophers. The
writings of men like Voltaire, Montesquieu, Diderot and
Rousseau were to inspire the political thought of the world
for long time to come.
It was the spirit of the revolution that that led to the
mobilization of general public into army. This revolutionary
concept made it possible for France to put into field of
battle massive formations, organized and equipped by the
genius of Carnot and fully utilized by Napoleon, against
which the older professional royal armies proved outmoded.
The system perpetuated into Law of Conscription of September
1798 laid a firm foundation for the military might of Napoleon.
From 1798 onwards it was the revolution and the mighty arm
of Napoleon which was to guide and shape the history of
Europe and indirectly effect the destiny of India in intensifying
the rivalry between two great powers of France and Britain
which spilled into local wars in India and paved way for
British imperialism and conquest of India.
1798; Bonaparte in 1798 departed on an expedition to Egypt
designed to cut off the British from India and other eastern
possessions . He had captured the island of Malta in June,
occupied Alexandria in July, and marched against Syria.Then
he suffered reverses. His fleet was destroyed by Nelson
at Aboukirk bay in the battle of Nile (August 1798). Plague
broke out amongst his troops. By May 1799 he withdrew to
Egypt with heavy losses. Inspite of these losses Napoleon
was the man of destiny who was to guide the European history
for quite some time to come. He was to cosolidate the durable
results of the Revolution and makes for himself a unique
position in the history of the world.
In the year 1799 fourth Mysore war was fought. The English
defeated Tipu Sultan who was killed and Mysore was partitioned.
After Tipu's death there was no strong force to stem the
tide of British advance in India. This was signal that sooner
or later whole of India would come under the British rule.
IV July 1828 July to August 1830
Revival of Hinduism: It was at this time that Christian
missionaries started arriving in India and set up their
school and colleges in proselytizing zeal. But here in India
the Britishers found a civilization that was greater than
their owns a result there were few converts to Christianity.
But the widened access to western knowledge stimulated many
Indians to understand the western world better. The effort
was pioneered by Raja Ram Mohan Roy whose inquiries Into
Christian World convinced him to the superiority and spiritualistic
basis of Hindu religion. He and others convinced themselves
that Hindu philosophers had discovered universal truths
long before any other people. Indian Philosophy had much
to give to the world.Western scholars assuredly had much
to learn from Upanishad and Vedas. Energetic researches
into early Indian texts convinced Hindu reformers that t6hat
existing evil Hindu practices had little or no relation
to Vedas. This opened doors for Hindu reformers who by judicious
selection from vast religious literature of Hinduism, could
find ample authority for sort of liberal and humanitarian
reforms to meet the challenge of Christianity. The test
case was custom of suttee, i.e. the custom of burning a
widow on the funeral pyre of her dead husband. There was
no Vedic authority for this practice. Ram Mohan Roy launched
a series of pamphlets condemning suttee and urging British
authorities to prohibit it. When Lord William Bentinck became
Governor General he took this revolutionary step to ban
practice of Suttee, a custom that had become a blot on Hindu
society.
The second important event was the suppression of Thugi.
The thugs had become a great evil force and there was total
anarchy and chaos.They were expert in killings and no traveller
was safe.
It was also during this time there was rebellion of khasis
and Singphos as well as revolt on vizagapatam which was
suppressed with iron hand.
It was about this time a revolution of far more importance
was taking place on the economic front. It was the European
machine made goods which started around this time to reduce
traditional artisan Indian community to penury.
And thus making it easy for British imperialism to spread.
Spread of English Language in India
To make India perpetual slave there was a general acceptance
of the views of British Government propounded by Charles
Trevelyan and Macaulay that English should be made official
language. Trevelyan ridiculed the Orientalists for trying
to revive "the dead" Indian civilization, and
Macaulay not only thought that the Indian people were "a
race debased by 3000 years of despotism and priestcraft
but also believed "that a single shelf of good European
Library was worth the whole native literature of Arabia
and India.The intention behind the Britishers was to create
through education " a class of persons Indian in blood
and colour , but English in taste, in opinion in morals
and in intellect." Macaulay's aim was to create a semi
educated low paid English speaking subordinates to facilitate
British admnistration and help the business.
1828: In the battle of Navarino Ottoman Empire had become
defenseless on land and sea. French took the opportunity
to acquire Algeria while Russians established in Caucasus.
Revival of the Nationalist states in Balkans ; One result
of the decay of Ottoman Empire was the rise of many nationalist
states in Balkans. There was a Greek Revolution from 1821-
30.
V. August 1857 - June 1860
Years of Lawlessness, Anarchy and Chaos
Saturn was about to enter Cancer in September 1857. Whole
of India was reeling under discontent from the British rule.This
is the first challenge the British received to its dominance
in India and has been rightly called Indian War of Independence.
It started as a mutiny of Indian soldiers in Meerut in May
1857 who marched to Delhi and proclaimed Mughal Emperor
Bahadur Shah II as Emperor of India who issued a proclamation
urging upon the people of India to rise and end tyranny
of British.
The revolt spread to many parts of India , including Bareilly,
Rohilkhand , Bihar, Kanpur, central India and as far as
Karachi and Hyderabad in Sind.The most important resistance
to the British throne came from Rani of Jhansi who became
a legend. While the revolt was crushed down with the help
of soldiers from Punjab which remained loyal The conditions
were intolerable in most parts of India for rest of the
year There was total lawlessness, the neighbors were found
looting the neighbors. Communal riots between Hindus and
Muslims broke out in many parts of India. Gujjars and Banjararas
laid the whole countryside to waste and plundered each and
every one.in the battle of Haldaur on 18th September Hindus
were massacred in large number by the Muslims. There was
complete chaos and anarchy every where.
The atrocities perpetrated on the civilians on both sides
were horrendous. Men, women and children were butchered
mercilessly. Things in Delhi were especially bad. Men, women
and children irrespective of the fact whether they had committed
any crime or not were put to sword mercilessly. No mercy
was shown and no quarters were given. The Bombay correspondent
of Times wrote: "No such scene has been witnessed in
the city of Shah Jehan since the day of Nadir Shah, seated
in a little mosque in Chandee Chouk directed and superintended
the massacre of its inhabitants."There was slaughter
on a mass scale.
In 1858 the administration of British India which was under
the control of East India Company, came under the direct
control of British Government. Queen Victoria was proclaimed
Empress of India and the governor-general was designated
the Viceroy and Governor General.
In other parts of the world imperialism was on the move. China
was being subjected to great
humiliation by the imperial power. In 1858 Treaties of Tientsin
was signed between China, Britain, France, and USA carving
China into its sphere of influence. Russo Chinese treaty ceded
control of Amur region to Russia.French occupy Saigon.
VI. 1886 - 1888
(Paramount British Power in India - Rise of
Nationalism)
The British Prime Minister firmly believed that "Government
meant England to Christianize India and that till India
is leavened with Christianity she will be unfit for freedom.
The aim was not only to propagate English education but
to spread Christianity as well. It was for this purpose
that new missionary schools and colleges were opened. However,
the Christianity could not make much headway into India
as here she met a greater civilizing force in the form of
Hinduism, which was a much greater force in the spiritual
field with a great culture and civilization behind her.
While there was no denying that British rule brought political
unity, law and order,modern education, democracy, English
lingua franca in a linguistically divided country, and possible
emergence of national leaders, rails and post office to
unite the country and gave subcontinent with steel structure
of Indian civil service, building dams and irrigation canals
etc, yet Mahatma Gandhi was right when he said " And
why do I regard the British rule as a curse? It has impoverished
the dumb millions by a system of progressive exploitation
...It has reduced us politically to serfdom. It has sapped
the foundation of our culture... It has degraded us spiritually."
Indian National Congress and Rise of Nationalism
By 1885 enough Indians had been educated in British - style
schools and universities to provide a sounding board and
effective support for the Indian National Congress founded
by AO Hume, who was ex Secretary for Agriculture in the
Calcutta Government and was a distinguished ornithologist.
It started as a reform movement but was soon to spearhead
the movement for Independent India. In 1886 under the leadership
of Dadhabhai Naroji it was decided that Congress should
have a political platform and discuss those matters that
affected the whole of India.
Unfortunately in 1887 Sir Syed Ahmed Khan warned Muslims
not to join Congress which according to him was seditious
and no friend of theirs. According to him Hindus and Muslims
were two distinct races and representative institutions
were not suitable for India, as it will lead to permanent
subjugation of Muslims.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan , founder of Muslim Aligarh University
was once an employee of British East India Company and supported
British in 1857. He now emerged to rehabilitate Muslims
in the eyes of the government and is referred to as Father
of Modern Muslim India. In 1888 he propounded the theory
of " two nations ",the Muslims and the Hindus
who "could not sit on the same throne and remain equal
in power." He emphatically proclaimed that if Muslims
cannot capture power "then our Muslim brothers, the
Pathans would come out as a swarm of locusts from their
mountain valleys, and make rivers of blood to flow from
their frontiers in the north to the extreme end of Bengal.
The theory as to who after the British would conquer would
rest on the will of God.But until one nation had conquered
the other and made it obedient peace cannot reign in the
land".
According to Maulana Azad ," leadership of Muslim
politics was in the hands of Aligarh party. Its members
regarded themselves as trustees of Sir Syed Ahmed's policies
. Their basic tenet was that Muslims must be loyal to the
British Crown and remain aloof from freedom movement.
Thus was born the contentious two nation theory which was
to be devil the history of freedom movement for the next
sixty years or so.
Until about 1870, the industrial revolution had its primary
seat in Great Britain. Then Germany to the east and United
States to the West began to catch up . This changed the
way of living and thinking throughout the world. There was
vast movement of population away from villages. People started
to flock to cities in search of jobs. The general conscription
and mobilizations of armies on mass scale brought the tragedies
of world wars. It also made it possible for European nations
and USA to colonize vast tracts of land and led to imperialism
and colonization. The goods were produced on the mass scale
in factories. This brought in its wake the problem of labour
and whole lot of political and economic thinkers on the
scene to provide relief. Karl Marx (1818-83) and Friedrich
Engels (1820-1895) proclaimed in the Communist Manifesto
their vision of how an international proletariat was destined
to seize power and inaugurate true liberty and equality.
Das Kapital of Karl Marx became the bible of the working
class.
The British Empire having established in India extends its
foothold in the east and annexes Upper Burma.
1886 - July Anglo German agreement on East Africa. Gold
discovered in Transval- Witwatersrand gold fields opened
in South Africa.
1887 Italo Abyssinean War. Portugal secures Macao Anglo
Russian informal division of Persia into spheres of influence.
France consolidates its hold in South East Asia and unites
Cochin China, Annam, Cambodia and Tonkin in Union Indo Chinoise.
British protectorate over Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo.Charter
was given to Imperial British East Africa Co. British protectorate
over Cook Island
VII. August 6, 1916.
World War 1- 1914- 1918 and Entry of United States (April,
1917)
While the war was raging in Europe and most momentous battles
were fought in the battle of Verdun and French offensive
on Aisne where more than 2,00,000 people were killed.
Germany was under allied blockade. There was shortage of
foodstuff oil and lubricants in Germany. In sheer desperation
the German took the most fateful, decision of the war to
bring Britain to its knees and starve her into submission
it decided to resort to unrestricted submarine warfare against
British imports and supplies. It was a gambler decision
to win all or lose all. President Wilson retaliated by breaking
off diplomatic relations with Germany.And on April 2,1917
in response to Germany's severity of submarine attack USA
declared war against Germany. This was the beginning of
the end for Germany.
Russian Revolution 1917: An event of momentous magnitude
happened in Russia which was to influence the whole world
for the next hundred years and mould the destinies of many
countries. It was the Russian revolution, which was based
on the new economic policy of Karl Marx. Communism and Marxism
was to dominate most of the emerging nations for long time
to come. Gandhiji called the Russian Revolution as the greatest
event of the present century. It originated against the
tyranny of wars and was helped by desperate conditions of
Russian soldiers in war.This revolution against the tyranny
of Czars succeeded against heavy odds under the direct leadership
of Trotsky and Lenin. The combined forces of England, Germany,
France and America tried to stem the tide of the revolution
but could not succeed.
Lenin, who had created the Bolshevik party as the agency
of Revolution, was the architect of the new state. In the
Pamphlet State and Revolution, he defined his purpose to
set up ' dictatorship of the proletariat.' In Marxist theory,
of which Lenin became the interpreter, the proletarian state
was an essential prelude to the coming of the 'classless
society of Communism'.
The map of the world was redrawn after this war. In January
1918 President Wilson enunciated peace aims in the famous
'Fourteen Points'. Map of Europe was to be redrawn on principle
of nation states. It meant restoration of Alsace - Loraine
to France, a readjustment of frontiers of Italy on the basis
of nationalist autonomy for the people of Austria Hungary;
independence for Balkan states, including evacuation of
Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro; autonomy for Turkey itself
and for 'the nationalities under Turkish rule; independence
for Poland, with secure access to sea and finally and in
Wilson's view of paramount importance 'a general association
of nations' to remove wars from the minds of Man.
In Middle East whole of Iraq came under the domination
of British.
30 12. 1916: Rasputin, the Russian monk assassinated.
December 8, 1918 Czar, Czarina and children executed
VIII. 10 June 1946 to 25 July 1948
Main Events of the Period
Communal Riots in India
The partition of India was precede and followed by the communal
riots of the worst kind in many parts of India including
NWFP, Baluchistan, Punjab, Sind, Bihar, Bengal, UP and Delhi.In
the orgy of killing hundreds of thousands were killed, mutilated
and raped.Huge marching convoys were attacked with worst
form of savagery. Violent disturbances died at some places,
as there was no one to kill. Refugee trains would arrive
with all their passengers butchered down to the smallest
child. Some 500,000 people were killed in just one month.The
communal riots originated out of British policy of 'Divide
and rule ' and Muslim League's tactics of ' Direct Action'
to achieve their ends.
Independence came to India at midnight of 15th August 1947.Jawaharlal
made his historic speech of having a tryst with destiny
and India awakening to a new dawn when world sleeps.Pakistan
celebrated its birthday on 14th August.
Partition of Palestine and Birth of Israel :
On 29th November 1947 United Nations approved partition
plan for Palestine. British decided to withdraw by 15th
May 1948.There was an open guerilla warfare. On 14th May
State of Israel was proclaimed. Armies of Egypt, Jordan,
and Iraq began moving into Palestine against vast superior
forces Jews fought for their Promised Land and won.
Independence of Burma and Ceylon.
Death of Mahatma Gandhi: The great apostle of peace and
the person who brought independence to India fell to assassin's
bullet on 30th January 1948. Whole of India went into mourning.
MA Jinnaha died on 11 September 1948.
IX. July 4, 1975 to September 6, 1977
Major Events
India:
1975: Politically as well as economically 1975 was
the year of trials and tribulations for Indian people. The
severe economic crisis had demoralized the leadership. Scarcity
of food, spiraling prices and unemployment were order of the
day. Jai Prakash Narain which became a total success and 'five
miles of Silent March' started the movement of 'Total Revolution'.
National Indira Gandhi proclaimed Emergency on 25th June 1975.
(Saturn was in Punarvasu Nakshatra)
March 22 1977 Indira Gandhi defeated in Election. Janta
Dal won with absolute majority.
2 October 1975 K Kamraj dies
3 February 1977 President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed dies.
21, March 1977 Communist leader AK Gopalan dies.
1975; May 16, Sikkim joins as 22nd state of India.
1975 ; April 30 (Saturn was in Punarvasu nakshatra)fall
of Saigon. In a long drawn heroic war the communist North
Vietnamese were coming closer to their goal of a unified
independent Vietnam.
July 6 Mozambique became free after 500 years of Potuguese
rule
August 15. Army coup in Bangladesh,Mujibur Rahman killed
September 16: United Nations adopts plan for New World
economic order.
November 20: Angola becomes free from Portuguese rule.
1976: March 24. Military coup in Argentina. Mr. Peron arrested.
Parliament dissolved.
June 24: Vietnam unified.
July 4: Airborne Israeli commandos destroy Ugandan plane,
kill 100 Ugandans and free Air France plane from hijackers
July 20 US Probe lands on Mars
1977: July Coup in Pakistan, General Zia -UL- Haq takes
over, Bhutto deposed and arrested.
It is perhaps no coincidence that the icy cold hands of
Saturn snatched some world famous personalities who had
hogged the lime light during their times. They were not
only the most important people of their countries but were
international figures in the real sense.They were Mujibur
Rahman, Arnold Toynbee and Mao Tse - Tung.
Table of Events
Period Event Birth of New order/state Death of leaders Bloodshed/carnage
I) 1739 Nadir Shah End of Mughal supremacy General massacre
in Delhi - Over 20,000 Invasion - Rise of Sikhs - killed
- hundreds killed Marathas -Nizam- in Punjab / Northwest
British imperialism India
ii) Beginning of Austrian War of Succession in Europe.
2) 1769 1st Mysore War Defeat of Hyder Ali Hundreds killed
in battle.
ii) Discovery of new South Wales Destruction of Ottoman
Fleet.
I) 4th Mysore Defeat of Tipu Sultan Death of Tipu Sultan
War.
ii) Battle of Nelson destroys fleet Plague amongst French
troops Abukirk Bay of Napoleon.
i) Defeat of Turks- battle of Navorino
ii) French take Algeria
iii) Russian establish in Caucus
5) 1857 i)1st Indian War of Independence
I) 1739 Nadir Shah End of Mughal supremacy General massacre
in Delhi - Over 20,000 Invasion - Rise of Sikhs - killed
- hundreds killed Marathas -Nizam- in Punjab / Northwest
British imperialism India.
ii) Beginning of Austrian War of Succession in Europe.
2) 1769 1st Mysore War Defeat of Hyder Ali Hundreds killed
in battle
ii) Discovery of new South Wales Destruction of Ottoman
Fleet. I799) 4th Mysore Defeat of Tipu Sultan Nine thousand
soldiers of Mysore died. Tipu cut to death. Siringapatnam
sacked reminding Atrocities of Attila. War
ii) Battle of Nelson destroys fleet Plague amongst French
troops Abukirk Bay of Napoleon
i) Defeat of Turks- battle of Navorino
ii) French take Algeria
iii) Russian establish in Caucus
i) Annexation of Cachar Govinda Chandra ruler assassinated-
1830.
ii) Rebellion of Singphos-lower Ring leaders executed Assam.
iii) Rebellion in Vizgapatnam
iv) Rebellion in Kittur 1829 under Rayappa Rayappa hanged-
widow of late Desai of Dharwar poisoned by Britishers 1829-
v)Khasi Rebellion lasted four years with lot of bloodshed.
5) 1857 i)1st Indian War of Independence There was ferocity
on both sides.Innocent and onlookers women and children
routinely killed without purpose. In siege of Delhi Britishers
suffered heavy causalities. That made them thirst for blood.Delhi
was subjected to indiscriminate massacre and orgy of looting
reminding people of Nadir ShahTwo of Bahadur Shah's sons
and a grand son were shot. The Emperor was exiled to Rangoon
where he died a plaything of fortune in a foreign land unhonoured
unsung and unwept.
Lucknow Kanpur and Awadh : Nana Sahib assumed defunct Peshwaship
. 400 British in Kanpur who had surrendered were massacred
and some white women abducted. Though Nana was not involved
he was held responsible. Reprisals by the British were swift.
Nana Sahib disappeared in Nepal. His best general Tantia
Topi was caught and hanged.In March 1858 Lucknow fell to
the largest British Army possible.
Jhansi ; June 1858 Rani Laxmi Bai died fighting battle
like a hero and became a legendary figure ' only man among
the rebels' as one adversary described her.
6) 1886- 1888 I) annexation of upper Burma
ii) Portugal secure Macao
iii) France consolidates hold in South East Asia and unites
Cochin, China , Annam, Cambodia and Tonkin
iv) British protectorate over Sarawak, Brunei and North
Borneo. And Cook island 7 World War I 1916 -1918 Map of
World redrawn
i) Readjustment of maps of First time in history France,
Italy, Poland, Balkans carnage of soldiers in Thousands
in trench Warfare- mass means Of destruction like gas used.
ii) Iraq under British domination Death of Tsar, Tsarina
and children.
World War II 1946-48
i) independence of India,Pakistan I) Death of Mahatma Gandhi
Burma, Ceylon
ii) Partition of Palestine and Birth of Israel ii) Death
of MA Jinnah
iii) End of imperialism and colonialism iii) unprecedented
Communal riots in India and Pakistan Hundreds of thousands
Killed
9) 1975. I) Freedom of Mozambique I) Coup in Bangla Desh
Mujibur Rahman killed
ii) Angola becomes free ii)Death of Toynbee
iii) Death of Mao Tse Tung.
